लोकपाल के मूल तत्व
1. चयन कमिटी
(PM,CJI,लोकसभा विपक्षी नेता, लोकसभा अध्यक्ष, कानूनविद)
2. जवाबदेही, शक्तियाँ
3. जाँच कायँक्षेत्र
4. सीटीजन चार्टर
5. स्टाफ
6. आर्टीकल 252 के तहत मोडेल लोकायुक्त
7. संवैधानिक दर्जा
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Saturday, December 31, 2011
लोकपाल के मूल तत्व
लोकपाल मंथनः2
लोकपाल के मूल तत्व
1. चयन कमिटी
(PM,CJI,लोकसभा विपक्षी नेता, लोकसभा अध्यक्ष, कानूनविद)
2. जवाबदेही, शक्तियाँ
3. जाँच कायँक्षेत्र
4. सीटीजन चार्टर
5. स्टाफ
6. आर्टीकल 252 के तहत मोडेल लोकायुक्त
7. संवैधानिक दर्जा
लोकपाल के मूल तत्व
1. चयन कमिटी
(PM,CJI,लोकसभा विपक्षी नेता, लोकसभा अध्यक्ष, कानूनविद)
2. जवाबदेही, शक्तियाँ
3. जाँच कायँक्षेत्र
4. सीटीजन चार्टर
5. स्टाफ
6. आर्टीकल 252 के तहत मोडेल लोकायुक्त
7. संवैधानिक दर्जा
Wednesday, December 28, 2011
लोकपाल और लोकायुक्त ड्राफ्ट 2011
My
Lokpal&Lokayukt
Bill-2011 Drafts
1. संविधान कि आर्टीकल-252 के तहत इस कानून के प्रावधान लागू होगे
2. इस कानून को केन्द्रमेँ लोकपाल तथा राज्यो मेँ लोकयुक्त संस्था गठित होगी
3. लोकपाल चयन समिति
(प्रधानमंत्री,
नेता विपक्ष लोकसभा,
लोकसभा अध्यक्ष,
चीफ जस्टीस सुप्रिम कोर्ट,
कानूनविद्, CAG, CEC
5. खोज कमिटि मेँ पाँच सदस्य(CAG, CVC, CEC,
CBI-Director, एटोर्नी जनरल ..सभी एक एक पूर्व अधिकारी होगे) होगे जो लोकपाल पाल चयन समिति की सूचना पर उन्हे सूचि प्रस्तुत करेगे
6. लोकपाल समितिमेँ नौ सदस्य होगे जिसमेँ पाँच न्यायिक क्षेत्र के तथा चार भारतीय प्रसानिक सेवा से होगे
7. लोकपाल के पावर: Investigastion Wing अपनी हो, पुलिस अपनी हो, हाइकोर्ट जज के समान लोकपाल सदस्यो पावर हो,
8. लोकपाल से चर्चा के बाद सरकार संसद मेँ सीटीजन चार्टर बनाए
9. लोकयुक्त चयन कमिटी:- पाँच सदस्य CM,राज्यपाल,
नेता विपक्षविधानसभा,
चीफ जस्टीस हाइकोर्ट
कानूनविद्
10. राज्य मेँ लोकपाल के समान पावर
11. लोकायुक्त के सलाह करके सीटीजन चार्टर विधानसभा मेँ बने
Lokpal&Lokayukt
Bill-2011 Drafts
1. संविधान कि आर्टीकल-252 के तहत इस कानून के प्रावधान लागू होगे
2. इस कानून को केन्द्रमेँ लोकपाल तथा राज्यो मेँ लोकयुक्त संस्था गठित होगी
3. लोकपाल चयन समिति
(प्रधानमंत्री,
नेता विपक्ष लोकसभा,
लोकसभा अध्यक्ष,
चीफ जस्टीस सुप्रिम कोर्ट,
कानूनविद्, CAG, CEC
5. खोज कमिटि मेँ पाँच सदस्य(CAG, CVC, CEC,
CBI-Director, एटोर्नी जनरल ..सभी एक एक पूर्व अधिकारी होगे) होगे जो लोकपाल पाल चयन समिति की सूचना पर उन्हे सूचि प्रस्तुत करेगे
6. लोकपाल समितिमेँ नौ सदस्य होगे जिसमेँ पाँच न्यायिक क्षेत्र के तथा चार भारतीय प्रसानिक सेवा से होगे
7. लोकपाल के पावर: Investigastion Wing अपनी हो, पुलिस अपनी हो, हाइकोर्ट जज के समान लोकपाल सदस्यो पावर हो,
8. लोकपाल से चर्चा के बाद सरकार संसद मेँ सीटीजन चार्टर बनाए
9. लोकयुक्त चयन कमिटी:- पाँच सदस्य CM,राज्यपाल,
नेता विपक्षविधानसभा,
चीफ जस्टीस हाइकोर्ट
कानूनविद्
10. राज्य मेँ लोकपाल के समान पावर
11. लोकायुक्त के सलाह करके सीटीजन चार्टर विधानसभा मेँ बने
Note: लोकपाल और लोकायुक्त दोनो को संवैधानिक दर्जा मिले
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लोकपाल एक आवश्यक्ता
देश को एक लोकपाल तथा हरेक राज्यो मेँ तत्काल लोकायुक्त गठन हो इस हेतु संसद चर्चा करे और इसी वक्त हल निकाले अभी नही कभी?
1. CBI की तर्ज पर एक ऐजेन्सी बनाके CBI के समकक्ष पावर मिले, वह लोकपाल को जवाबदेह हो
2. लोकपाल को संसद को जवाबदेह बनाया जाए
3. लोकपाल को हटाने का पावर 2/3 बहुमत से संसद के पास रखा जा शकता है या सुप्रिमकोर्ट को लोकपाल को हटाने का पावर दिया शकता है
4. सीटीजन चार्टर लोकपाल तहत हो
5. लोकपाल लोकायुक्त कानून संविधान की अनुच्छेद 252 या 253 के तहत बने
6. संविधान मे एक नया अनुच्छेद जोडा जाए जिसमे लोकपाल का गठन, कार्य, शक्ति, नीतिनियमो के बारे मेँ
साफ-साफ लिखा जाए 7. संसद CAG, CEC, की पक्ति में एक नया नाम लोकपाल और लोकायुक्त संविधान संशोधन के जरिए जोडे.
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लोकपाल चिँतन और चिँता
राजनीतिक पार्टीयो का असली चहेरा सामने आया
1. क्या करे इन राजनीतिक पार्टीयो का?
2. क्यो मजबूत लोकपाल नही चाहती पार्टीयाँ?
3. क्यो देश की भावना का नेता सम्मान नही करते
4. यदी नेताओ मे लोकपाल बनाने का विल नही है, क्या करे?
5. 27,अगस्त 2011 को संसद मेँ जो भावना बनी क्यो पलटे नेता?
6. अबभी समय है आपसी खीचतान छोडकर सहमती बनाए नेता नहि देश कभी माफ नहि करेगा
7. कोइ सोचता है कि कोइभी पार्टी 2/3 बहुमत मे आकर मजबूत लोकपाल बनाएगी, कभी कोईभी पार्टी नही बनाएगी
8. आज ही समय है चाहे संसद मेँ लोकपाल पर पाँच दश-दिन बहस क्यो न करनी पडे, इसके सिवाय लोकपाल लटकेगा.
9. देश अन्ना की सेहत को लेकर चिँता मेँ है, कुछ भी देश चाहता है कि संवैधानिक शक्ति वाला मजबूत लोकपाल बने.
1. क्या करे इन राजनीतिक पार्टीयो का?
2. क्यो मजबूत लोकपाल नही चाहती पार्टीयाँ?
3. क्यो देश की भावना का नेता सम्मान नही करते
4. यदी नेताओ मे लोकपाल बनाने का विल नही है, क्या करे?
5. 27,अगस्त 2011 को संसद मेँ जो भावना बनी क्यो पलटे नेता?
6. अबभी समय है आपसी खीचतान छोडकर सहमती बनाए नेता नहि देश कभी माफ नहि करेगा
7. कोइ सोचता है कि कोइभी पार्टी 2/3 बहुमत मे आकर मजबूत लोकपाल बनाएगी, कभी कोईभी पार्टी नही बनाएगी
8. आज ही समय है चाहे संसद मेँ लोकपाल पर पाँच दश-दिन बहस क्यो न करनी पडे, इसके सिवाय लोकपाल लटकेगा.
9. देश अन्ना की सेहत को लेकर चिँता मेँ है, कुछ भी देश चाहता है कि संवैधानिक शक्ति वाला मजबूत लोकपाल बने.
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लोकपाल को संवैधानिक बनानेमेँ रोडा
नकारात्मक-Role
1. BJP ने लोकपाल को मन से साथ नही दिया
2. राहुल गांधी ने लोकसभा मेँ सबसे पहले कहा था, कि LOKPAL को संवैधानिक दर्जा मिले, ठीक कहा था,
3. केवल राहुल ने संवैधानिक दर्जे कि बात कही थी इसलिए BJP का विरोध क्यो ?
4. BJP ने कल लोकपाल लटकाने की कोशीश की थी
5. कोग्रेस का मन थोडा उदार बनना चाहिए
6. BJP+CONGRESS मिलकर लोकपाल पर मिलकर सहमती बनाए
7. संवैधानिक दर्जा दिलाया जायेगा तब लोकपाल मजबूत होगा
1. BJP ने लोकपाल को मन से साथ नही दिया
2. राहुल गांधी ने लोकसभा मेँ सबसे पहले कहा था, कि LOKPAL को संवैधानिक दर्जा मिले, ठीक कहा था,
3. केवल राहुल ने संवैधानिक दर्जे कि बात कही थी इसलिए BJP का विरोध क्यो ?
4. BJP ने कल लोकपाल लटकाने की कोशीश की थी
5. कोग्रेस का मन थोडा उदार बनना चाहिए
6. BJP+CONGRESS मिलकर लोकपाल पर मिलकर सहमती बनाए
7. संवैधानिक दर्जा दिलाया जायेगा तब लोकपाल मजबूत होगा
असलबात:-
1. कोइ पार्टी नही चाहती की लोकपाल बने
2. केवल अन्ना का देश हमेशाँ आभारी रहेगा, राजनीतिक पार्टीयो का असली चहेरा सामने आ गए .
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Sunday, December 25, 2011
Anna Hazare
1. Birth:-
(A)તા.15,જૂન-1937,
ભિંગર, Maharashtra
(B) પિતા :-Baburao Hazare અને માતા:- Laxmibai Hazare
(C) બહેન:- 2, ભાઈ:-4
2. શિક્ષણ:- Primary
3. હાલનું સરનામું:-
રાલેગણ સિદ્ધિ,
તાલુકા:-પારનેર, જિ. અહમદનગર,
Maharashtra(ભારત)
4. સામાજિક:-
Village Devlopmen, Corruption Aggainst Movement-1991
5. Influenced by : Mahatma Gandhi,
Swami Vivekanand
6. વિશેષ:- અવિવાહિત,
7. Award:-
Padma Shri-1990,
Padma Bhushan-1992,
8. Strike:- 5/4/2011, in Janta Mantar, New Dehi for Jan Lokpal Bill,
after Govt. + Anna Team joint drafting Committee, but Not Result,
9. Second strike for Jan Lokpal Bill, 16/8/2011,
Parliament of India Resolution Passed by 3-point of Jan Lokpal
(1) Citizen Charter
(2) A,B,C,D all servent under invast. Lokpal,
(3) Lokpal-Lokayukt saath bill
10. સંગઠન:-Civil Society, India Aggainst Corruptiom-IAC
11. 27,Dec.2011 થી પુન: લોકપાલ માટે Anna અનશન કરશે.
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અટલ બિહારી વાજપાઈ
1. Birth:-
(A)તા.25/12/1924,
Gwaliyar, MP
(B) પિતા :-કૃષણ બિહારી વાજપાઈ અને માતા:- કૃષણા વાજપાઇ,
2. શિક્ષણ:-M.A.(રાજનીતિ વિજ્ઞાન)
3. રાજનીતિક પક્ષ:-
-1951, જન સંઘ ગઠનમાં ના એક,
-ભાજપા ગઠન:-6/4/1980, First President of BJP,
4. સામાજિક:- સંઘ પરચારક,
5. સંપાદક:- Panchjany, Veer Arjun, Rashtra Dharm, Dainik Swadesh etc...,
6. વિશેષ:-Best Speech, હિંદી કવિ, અવિવાહિત,
7. Loksabha Member
(1957,બલરામપુર,ગોંડ,UP)
8. જન સંઘ:-1957-1977
9. વિદેશ મંત્રી:-1977-79
10. Prime Minister
(A) 16 to 31-May ,1996,
(B) 16, March-1998 to
22, May-2004
11. Any:-
Swarnim Chaturbhuj Yojna, પોખરણ પરમાણુ પરીક્ષણ.
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અટલ બિહારી વાજપાઈ
અટલ બિહારી વાજપાઈ
1. Birth:-
(A)તા.25/12/1924,
Gwaliyar, MP
(B) પિતા :-કૃષણ બિહારી વાજપાઈ અને માતા:- કૃષણા વાજપાઇ,
2. શિક્ષણ:-M.A.(રાજનીતિ વિજ્ઞાન)
3. રાજનીતિક પક્ષ:-
-1951, જન સંઘ ગઠનમાં ના એક,
-ભાજપા ગઠન:-6/4/1980, First President of BJP,
4. સામાજિક:- સંઘ પરચારક,
5. સંપાદક:- Panchjany, Veer Arjun, Rashtra Dharm, Dainik Swadesh etc...,
6. વિશેષ:-Best Speech, હિંદી કવિ, અવિવાહિત,
7. Loksabha Member
(1957,બલરામપુર,ગોંડ,UP)
8. જન સંઘ:-1957-1977
9. વિદેશ મંત્રી:-1977-79
10. Prime Minister
(A) 16 to 31-May ,1996,
(B) 16, March-1998 to
22, May-2004
11. Any:-
Swarnim Chaturbhuj Yojna, પોખરણ પરમાણુ પરીક્ષણ.
1. Birth:-
(A)તા.25/12/1924,
Gwaliyar, MP
(B) પિતા :-કૃષણ બિહારી વાજપાઈ અને માતા:- કૃષણા વાજપાઇ,
2. શિક્ષણ:-M.A.(રાજનીતિ વિજ્ઞાન)
3. રાજનીતિક પક્ષ:-
-1951, જન સંઘ ગઠનમાં ના એક,
-ભાજપા ગઠન:-6/4/1980, First President of BJP,
4. સામાજિક:- સંઘ પરચારક,
5. સંપાદક:- Panchjany, Veer Arjun, Rashtra Dharm, Dainik Swadesh etc...,
6. વિશેષ:-Best Speech, હિંદી કવિ, અવિવાહિત,
7. Loksabha Member
(1957,બલરામપુર,ગોંડ,UP)
8. જન સંઘ:-1957-1977
9. વિદેશ મંત્રી:-1977-79
10. Prime Minister
(A) 16 to 31-May ,1996,
(B) 16, March-1998 to
22, May-2004
11. Any:-
Swarnim Chaturbhuj Yojna, પોખરણ પરમાણુ પરીક્ષણ.
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Saturday, December 24, 2011
મોહમદ રફી
1. Birth : તા.24/12/1924 (કોટલા સુલતાન સિંહ, પંજાબ)
2. અવસાન:- તા.31/7/1980 (મુંબઈ)
3. ગીતો:- Filmy હિંદી=7516, Non-Hindi=112, Non-Filmy=328,
4. Award:- Film Fair, પદ્મશ્રી(1967), etc....
5. ભજન, કવાલી, ગઝલ વિ....
આમ, ભારતીયના જીવનમાં તેમનાં ગીતો હમેશાં યાદ રહેશે, દેશ હંમેશાં તેમને યાદ રાખશે.
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Friday, December 23, 2011
લોકપાલ માટે મંથન
લોકપાલ મહા ડિબેટ:-
ભાગ-I, Anna ના લોકપાલ માટેના આંદોલનમાં સરકાર શા માટે દર વખતે અડચણો નાખી રહેલ છે ?
1. અમૂક નેતાઓ કહે છે....એમ ટોળાંથી કાનૂન ન બને,
2. આ આંદોલનને રાજનીતિક આંદોલન બતાવે છે, શા માટે ?
3. નેતાઓની આ વખતે ખરી પરીક્ષા છે, પોતે નકલી મતભેદો ઉભા કરીને લોકપાલમાં અડચણો ઉભી કરશે તો લોકશાહી માટે તે ખતરારૂપ હશે.....
4. સંસદ 1,2,3,......5 ચાલે પણ હવે આમ સહમતી સંસદ કરે,
5. મુદાસર -Debate સંસદ કરે...,
ભાગ-I, Anna ના લોકપાલ માટેના આંદોલનમાં સરકાર શા માટે દર વખતે અડચણો નાખી રહેલ છે ?
1. અમૂક નેતાઓ કહે છે....એમ ટોળાંથી કાનૂન ન બને,
2. આ આંદોલનને રાજનીતિક આંદોલન બતાવે છે, શા માટે ?
3. નેતાઓની આ વખતે ખરી પરીક્ષા છે, પોતે નકલી મતભેદો ઉભા કરીને લોકપાલમાં અડચણો ઉભી કરશે તો લોકશાહી માટે તે ખતરારૂપ હશે.....
4. સંસદ 1,2,3,......5 ચાલે પણ હવે આમ સહમતી સંસદ કરે,
5. મુદાસર -Debate સંસદ કરે...,
ભાગ-II. સંસદમાં આમ સહમતી ન થાય તો..,
1. અસહમત મુદાઓની યાદી બનાવી દરેક પર Debate થાય, તેના પર સંસદ મતદાન કરે જે મુદાને સંસદ ''સાદી બહુમતી'' પસાર કરે તેને લોકપાલમાં સમાવાય,
2. સંસદમાં 2/3 થી પસાર થયેલ મુદાને સંવૈધાનિક બનાવી શકાય,
3. મુદાઓ:-
---PM, CBI, GROUP -C, PARLIAMENT, JUDICIARY, નિયુકિતની પદ્ધતિ, ચયન સમિતિ,
Citizen Charter, Lokayukt, વૈધાનિક, સંવૈધાનિક
---More
Part-III, યશનો મોકો, દેશના ઉજજવળ ભવિષયનો સમય,
1. પંદરમી લોકસભાને ઈતિહાસ બનાવવાનો મોકો,
2. Partyline ઉપર સંસદમાં વિચારાય,
3. એવી સગવડ લોકપાલમાં થાય કે, ''કટ ઓફ ડેટ''-નકકી થાય.
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The Original Source
મૂળ આધાર
1. રંગ:- લાલ, પીળો, વાદળી
2. અક્ષર:- ૐ (અ, ઉ, મ)
3. ધાતુ :- સાત
4. વાર :- સાત
5. પાતાળ :- યાત
6. ખોરાકના રસ :- છ
7. સાહિતયના રસ :- નવ
8. ભાષાના કાળ:- ભૂત, વરતમાન, ભવિષય
9. ભારતના યંવિધાનની કલમો :- 395
10. વેદ :- ચાર
11. એક અને માત્ર એક :- હિમાલય, ગંગા, શ્રી મદ ભગવદ ગીતા, સૂરજ, ચંદ્ર, આકાશ.....
12.
1. રંગ:- લાલ, પીળો, વાદળી
2. અક્ષર:- ૐ (અ, ઉ, મ)
3. ધાતુ :- સાત
4. વાર :- સાત
5. પાતાળ :- યાત
6. ખોરાકના રસ :- છ
7. સાહિતયના રસ :- નવ
8. ભાષાના કાળ:- ભૂત, વરતમાન, ભવિષય
9. ભારતના યંવિધાનની કલમો :- 395
10. વેદ :- ચાર
11. એક અને માત્ર એક :- હિમાલય, ગંગા, શ્રી મદ ભગવદ ગીતા, સૂરજ, ચંદ્ર, આકાશ.....
12.
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Tuesday, December 20, 2011
Planning
Shixanma e khubaj mahatvnu chhe ke, sarv pratham ayojan banavavama aave, aayojanma eksutrata par khubaj aavashyak chhe, shixan tatha any koi pan prakar na aayojan ma paanch mudda mahatvna chhe,
1. Action Plan
2. Team Work
3. Accountibility
4. Sansadhan
5. Expression - Role of Person
1. Action Plan
2. Team Work
3. Accountibility
4. Sansadhan
5. Expression - Role of Person
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Saturday, December 17, 2011
Devlopment of Education
1. Sankalp
2. Planning
3. Action Plan
4. Expression
5. Scope
6. RTE
7. Technology
8. Speech
9. Riding
10. Writing
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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Friday, December 16, 2011
ભારત-પાક. યુદ્ધ : 1971
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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સરદાર પટેલ
જનમ તારીખ:-31, ઓકટોંબર-1975
અવસાન તારીખ:- 15, ડિયેંબર-1950
જનમ ઠકાણુ :- કરમસદ (ગુજરાત)
ધંધો:- વકીલાત
ક્ષેત્ર :- સામાજિક, રાજકીય
વિશેષ :- ભારતના પહેલા ગૃહમંત્રી, ભારતના તમામ દેશી રાજયોનું ભારત સંઘમાં વિલિનીકરણનું મહાન કામ....
હુલામણુ નામ :- સરદાર, લોખંડી પુરુષ
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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ભારતના વીરો
ચંદ્રશેખર આઝાદ
રામ પરયાદ બિયમીલ
અયફાક-ઉલા-ખાન
સુખદેવ
રાજગુરૂ
શયામજી કૃષણ વમાઁ
સરદારસિંહ રાણા
મેડમ કામા
મદનલાલ ઢીગરા
બટુકેશ્રવર દત
ખુદીરામ બોઝ
વીર સાવરકર
ઉધમસિંહ
ભગવતીશરણ
ચાફેકર બંધુઓ
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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લોકપાલ બીલ
લોકપાલમાં નીચે મુજબના મુદાઓને વિવાદાસપદ બનાવાઈ રહેલ છે.....જો બધા પક્ષો કે સરકાર લોકપાલ લાવવા સહમત ન થાય....તો પછી Anna ટીમે -બનાવેલ ''જન લોકપાલ'' સંસદમાં તરત રજૂ કરી શકાય જરુર પડયે સંવિધાનમાં મામૂલી સંશોધન કરી શકાય.
લોકપાલમાં જરૂરી મુદાઓ:-
1. નિયુકિત સમિતી: PM, CJI, Loksabha OL, UPSC CHAIRMAN, CAG, KANOONVID
2. Under:-A,B,C,D
3. Under:-CBI Anti Curruption Wig
4. High court Justice iquel power,
5. Nation Security, Videsh, Nuclear etc mudde lokpaal me nahi aane chhahie,
6. Lokayukt ka pravadhan ho,
7. Citizen Charter ka amal Lokpal ke tahat ho,
8. Savidhan ki Article 105, 311 ke saath koi chhed-chhad nahi honi chahie,
9. Lokpal ek Website banai jaae....fariyadi apana states repor khud jan sake
10. Fariyadi ki suraxa ho,
11. Helpline suru ki jaay,
Bhrastachar se desh tang aa gaya hai, sarkar jald Lokpal Bill laye, nahito abka anna ka Anna ka Anashan Nirnayak hoga.....
લોકપાલમાં જરૂરી મુદાઓ:-
1. નિયુકિત સમિતી: PM, CJI, Loksabha OL, UPSC CHAIRMAN, CAG, KANOONVID
2. Under:-A,B,C,D
3. Under:-CBI Anti Curruption Wig
4. High court Justice iquel power,
5. Nation Security, Videsh, Nuclear etc mudde lokpaal me nahi aane chhahie,
6. Lokayukt ka pravadhan ho,
7. Citizen Charter ka amal Lokpal ke tahat ho,
8. Savidhan ki Article 105, 311 ke saath koi chhed-chhad nahi honi chahie,
9. Lokpal ek Website banai jaae....fariyadi apana states repor khud jan sake
10. Fariyadi ki suraxa ho,
11. Helpline suru ki jaay,
Bhrastachar se desh tang aa gaya hai, sarkar jald Lokpal Bill laye, nahito abka anna ka Anna ka Anashan Nirnayak hoga.....
Wednesday, December 14, 2011
Interest
Amount-વયાજમુદલ
Period(Time)-મુદત
Principle-મુદલ
Rate of Interest-વયાજનો દર
Simple Interest-યાદુ વયાજ
(યૂત્ર=PIT/100*total period)
Compound Interest-ચકરવૃદ્ધિ વયાજ
Period(Time)-મુદત
Principle-મુદલ
Rate of Interest-વયાજનો દર
Simple Interest-યાદુ વયાજ
(યૂત્ર=PIT/100*total period)
Compound Interest-ચકરવૃદ્ધિ વયાજ
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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Tuesday, December 13, 2011
Parliament of India
દેશભકતોને સાચી શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ દેશ કયારે આપશે ?
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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Invent of Newziland
13,December-1642 ના રોજ આ દેશની ખોજ ડચ યંશોધક અબેલ તયમાને કરી હતી. તેમના પહોચવા અગાઉ એ ઠકાણે આદિવાયીઓ રહેતા હતા.
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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Monday, December 12, 2011
New Delhi@100
આજે New Delhi નો 100 મો જનમ દિન મનાવાઈ રહેલ છે, અંગરેજ સરકારે પુનઃ નિમાઁણ Delhi નું કયુઁ તે પહેલાં આ ઠકાણાનો ઈતિહાસ ઘણો લાંબો છે.....
1. યયાતિ પુત્ર પુરુની રાજધાની - New Delhi
2. મહારાજ શાંતનુંની રાજધાની- Old Delhi
(હસતિનાપુર)
3. પાંડવોની રાજધાની- Indraprasth
(New Delhi)
4. પૃથવીરાજ ચૌહાણની રાજધાની-Delhi
5. દિલહી સલતનતની રાજધાની
6. મુઘલોની રાજધાની
7. અંગરેજ હકૂમતની રાજધાની-
તા.12-12-1911 થી.....
8. આઝાદ ભારતની રાજધાની...............
-જય હિંદ
1. યયાતિ પુત્ર પુરુની રાજધાની - New Delhi
2. મહારાજ શાંતનુંની રાજધાની- Old Delhi
(હસતિનાપુર)
3. પાંડવોની રાજધાની- Indraprasth
(New Delhi)
4. પૃથવીરાજ ચૌહાણની રાજધાની-Delhi
5. દિલહી સલતનતની રાજધાની
6. મુઘલોની રાજધાની
7. અંગરેજ હકૂમતની રાજધાની-
તા.12-12-1911 થી.....
8. આઝાદ ભારતની રાજધાની...............
-જય હિંદ
પછી શું ?- શ્રૃતલેખન
પછી શું ?
લાંછન
મહિષી
દુનિયા
કવિતા
સુભાષિત
પિંગળ
દુઃખી
ઉદાહરણ
રાજકવિ
લાંછન
મહિષી
દુનિયા
કવિતા
સુભાષિત
પિંગળ
દુઃખી
ઉદાહરણ
રાજકવિ
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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Wednesday, December 7, 2011
Work of Class Teacher
સૌથી પરથમ શિક્ષણમાં પરિલવતઁન લાવવા માટે કલાસ ટીચર કટીબદ્ધ બને....એ સમયની માંગ છે..
શિક્ષક આ મુજબ તૈયાર કરે...
1. કાયઁલક્ષી આયોજન,
2. વાલી સંપકઁ પત્રક
3. TLM File
4. Project List File
5. Education General File
6. Personal Minute Note
7. Planning Book
8. Time-Table
9. Class Cabinet
10. Student Work Inspaction List
11. Student Devlopment Note
શિક્ષક આ મુજબ તૈયાર કરે...
1. કાયઁલક્ષી આયોજન,
2. વાલી સંપકઁ પત્રક
3. TLM File
4. Project List File
5. Education General File
6. Personal Minute Note
7. Planning Book
8. Time-Table
9. Class Cabinet
10. Student Work Inspaction List
11. Student Devlopment Note
તરત કરવા જેવા કામ:-
1. Daily Planning
2. Parants-Visit Book
3. General File
4. Material Box
5. TLM File
6. Book List for Teachers
7. Book List for Students
વી.કે.મેવાડા
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Blog New Look
Aaj aa blog ne New Look Aapel ....Education sambandhit vividh mahiti...prastut karvaano prayas rahese....
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School Facilities
1. Shala Sankul
2. Medan
3. Office
4. Class Room
5. Central Hall
6. Liabrary
7. Leboratary
8. Computer Lab.
9. Aushadh Baag
10. Staff Room
11. Kitchen
2. Medan
3. Office
4. Class Room
5. Central Hall
6. Liabrary
7. Leboratary
8. Computer Lab.
9. Aushadh Baag
10. Staff Room
11. Kitchen
----------
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Tuesday, December 6, 2011
Book List
પુસ્તકો
Saty na Prayogo
Discovery of India
Maha Bharat
Ramayan
The Geeta
Un to the last Man
ભારત નું સંવિધાન
Indian Penal Code
Osho Books
Swami Vivekanand Lectures
Pandurang Shastri Books
Swami Sachidanand Books
Dr. I.K.Vijalivala Books
Saty na Prayogo
Discovery of India
Maha Bharat
Ramayan
The Geeta
Un to the last Man
ભારત નું સંવિધાન
Indian Penal Code
Osho Books
Swami Vivekanand Lectures
Pandurang Shastri Books
Swami Sachidanand Books
Dr. I.K.Vijalivala Books
ઉપયોગી શબ્દ
ઉપયોગી શબ્દ
પ્રશ્તાવના
સમૃદ્ધિ
વાણી
અનુભવ
વિધાન
પરિચય
કાર્ય યોજના
મિનિટ
કાર્ય લક્ષી આયોજન
કલ્પના
સર્જન
ચિંતન
કેશવ
પ્રવચન
લેખન
કાર્યક્રમ
પ્રાણાયામ
યોગ
ભ્રામરી
પ્રશ્તાવના
સમૃદ્ધિ
વાણી
અનુભવ
વિધાન
પરિચય
કાર્ય યોજના
મિનિટ
કાર્ય લક્ષી આયોજન
કલ્પના
સર્જન
ચિંતન
કેશવ
પ્રવચન
લેખન
કાર્યક્રમ
પ્રાણાયામ
યોગ
ભ્રામરી
Sunday, December 4, 2011
Faith of The Naton
aaj dukh din hai hamare bich Dev Anand nahi Rahe.....sadabahar ke rupme hamesa dikhne vaale hamre hero ...Bharat ko Khushiya dene vaale abhineta hame chodkar chale gaye...hamare dil me unka sthan hamesa rahega ....
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Sent via Nokia Email
Saturday, December 3, 2011
Ten IMP of The School
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------Original message------
From: VELJIBHAI MEVADA <vkmevada@yahoo.co.in>
To: <vkmevada@blogger.com>
Date: Saturday, December 3, 2011 1:51:21 PM GMT+0000
Subject: Top Ten Importants of The School
1. Teachers
2. Office
3. Ground
4. Liabrary
5. Computer Lab.
6. Laboratory
7. Staff Room
8. Class Room
9. Centrel Hall
10. Garden
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Friday, December 2, 2011
Top 5 of Class
Class Room - Top Five Importants For Teachers:-
1) Students 2) Planning 3) Black Board 4)TLM 5)Teaching
1) Students 2) Planning 3) Black Board 4)TLM 5)Teaching
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Thursday, December 1, 2011
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
Monday, November 14, 2011
काला धन
सरकार को चाहिए कि विदेशो मेँ जमा काले धन पर सीट सुप्रिम कोर्टने बनाइ
किन्तु सरकार अपने दायित्वो से क्यो पीछे हट रही है यह समज से परे कि बात
है..
किन्तु सरकार अपने दायित्वो से क्यो पीछे हट रही है यह समज से परे कि बात
है..
--
From:
V.K.MEVADA
Adipur
Friday, November 11, 2011
11.11.11
11-11-11 का संयोग अंक गणित के हिसाब से इसका महत्व है, सामान्य तौर पर तो यह भी एक दिन है किन्तु फिरभी जनता मे स्मृति रखने मेँ यह सरल रहते है, आज के समय मेँ 11 का अंक सवाया माना जाता है..
Thursday, November 10, 2011
HAPPY OF THE NATION
भारत वर्ष को खुशीयाँ देने वाले TOP 10 हस्ति :-
(1)महात्मा गांधी
(2)सरदार पटेल
(3)भारत की सविधान सभा
(4)इंदिरा गांधी
(5)डॉ. ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम
(6)अमिताभ बच्चन
(7)मेजर ध्यानचंद
(8)सचीन तेदुलकर
(9)मोरारी बापु
(10)अन्ना हजारे
(1)महात्मा गांधी
(2)सरदार पटेल
(3)भारत की सविधान सभा
(4)इंदिरा गांधी
(5)डॉ. ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम
(6)अमिताभ बच्चन
(7)मेजर ध्यानचंद
(8)सचीन तेदुलकर
(9)मोरारी बापु
(10)अन्ना हजारे
भारतीय न्याय व्यवस्था
प्रस्तावनाः
भारतवर्ष मेँ प्राचीन काल से न्याय तथा नीति दर्शन,वेद,भिष्म,विदूर, चाणक्य etc.
कानून के
भारतवर्ष मेँ प्राचीन काल से न्याय तथा नीति दर्शन,वेद,भिष्म,विदूर, चाणक्य etc.
कानून के
1. अध्ययन हेतु:-
(A)कोलेजो मेँ सप्ताह मेँ तीन दिन(शुक्र, शनि, रवि)को साँम 6 से 8 बजे तक IGNOU, BAOU के जरिए लेक्चर होने चाहिए,
(B)इस प्रकार LLB, MLL,Ph.D. etc. कोर्ष चलने चाहिए
2. न्याय हेतु:-
(A)साम के समय अलग सत्र न्यायालयो को जिसमेँ अलग जज भी हो
(B)बार-काउन्सीलो थोडा लचीला रुख दिखाना चाहिए
3. अमल हेतु:-
(A)सरकार को चाहिए की वह पारदर्शी नीति बनाए
(B)LAW की एक विशेष Website बनाके इस पर केन्द्र तथा राज्य सरकार कानून के रुप लेने से पहले के सभी बील-ड्राफट, सभी परिपत्र, संसद/विधानसभा द्वारा पारित सभी बील etc. Publish करने चाहिए
4. कानून बनाने हेती:-
(A)कानून बनने से पहले प्रत्येक Bill पर जनता की राय लेने नेट, TV, Radio, News Paper etc. का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए
(B)जनता की राय के बाद Expert Commitee को बील पर अपने विचार रखने के लिए कहा जाये
(C)अंत मे बिल केबीनेट को पास करे तथा बादमेँ संसद या विधानसभा इसे पास करे
उपरोक्त 1 से 4 मुदो पर अमल हेतु संसद को शक्तिशाली कानून बनाना चाहिए
Wednesday, November 9, 2011
कानूनी सेवा दिन (9 नवंबर,2011)
राष्ट्रीय कानूनी सेवा प्राधिकरण
(NALSA)
(NALSA)
=>मेमबर सेक्रेटरी, नालसा 12/11, जामनगर हाउस, शाहजहाँ मार्ग, नइ दिल्ही-110011
Phone: 011-23386176, 23382778
=>Contact: State Legal Services Authoritis
Gujarat- 079-27665400
=>उच्च न्यायालय कानूनी सेवाऐ समिति
(011-23388313)
(स्रोतः उच्च न्यायालय कानूनी सेवा समिति, Advt. Page No.11 दिव्य भास्कर ता.9-11-2011)
राषट्रीय कानूनी सेवा दिन (9 नवंबर,2011)
राष्ट्रीय कानूनी सेवा प्राधिकरण
(NALSA)
(NALSA)
=>मेम्बर सेक्रेटरी, नालसा 12/11, जामनगर हाउस, शाहजहाँ मार्ग, नइ दिल्ही-110011
Phone: 011-23386176, 23382778
=>Contact: State Legal Services Authoritis
Gujarat- 079-27665400
=>उच्च न्यायालय कानूनी सेवा समिति
(011-23388313)
कानून का अध्ययन
कानून का अध्ययन भारत वर्ष मेँ कानून की जानकारी हेतु क्या किया जाना चाहिए यह सोचकर इस पर विभिन्न उपाय कानून बनाकर किए जाने चाहिए
1. दूरवर्ती शिक्षा के जरिए राष्ट्रीय लेवल पर IGNOU मेँ तथा प्रत्येक राज्य की OPEN UNIVERSITY मेँ भी निम्न प्रकार के कोर्ष शुरु करने चाहिए
(1)LLB, LLM,Ph.D(Law) etc.
(2)10+2 के B.A(Law) का 3 साल का डिग्री कोर्ष
(3)डिप्लोमा कोर्ष
2. Law अध्ययन तथा कानूनी सलाह सभी को आसानी से मिले इस हेतु संसद मेँ एक शक्तिशाली कानून बनना चाहिए.
1. दूरवर्ती शिक्षा के जरिए राष्ट्रीय लेवल पर IGNOU मेँ तथा प्रत्येक राज्य की OPEN UNIVERSITY मेँ भी निम्न प्रकार के कोर्ष शुरु करने चाहिए
(1)LLB, LLM,Ph.D(Law) etc.
(2)10+2 के B.A(Law) का 3 साल का डिग्री कोर्ष
(3)डिप्लोमा कोर्ष
2. Law अध्ययन तथा कानूनी सलाह सभी को आसानी से मिले इस हेतु संसद मेँ एक शक्तिशाली कानून बनना चाहिए.
कानून का अध्ययन
कानून का अध्ययन भारत वर्ष मेँ कानून की जानकारी हेतु क्या किया जाना चाहिए यह सोचकर इस पर विभिन्न उपाय कानून बनाकर किए जाने चाहिए
1. दूरवर्ती शिक्षा के जरिए राष्ट्रीय लेवल पर IGNOU मेँ तथा प्रत्येक राज्य की OPEN UNIVERSITY मेँ भी निम्न प्रकार के कोर्ष शुरु करने चाहिए
(1)LLB, LLM,Ph.D(Law) etc.
(2)10+2 के B.A(Law) का 3 साल का डिग्री कोर्ष
(3)डिप्लोमा कोर्ष
2. Law अध्ययन तथा कानूनी सलाह सभी को आसानी से मिले इस हेतु संसद मेँ एक शक्तिशाली कानून बनना चाहिए.
1. दूरवर्ती शिक्षा के जरिए राष्ट्रीय लेवल पर IGNOU मेँ तथा प्रत्येक राज्य की OPEN UNIVERSITY मेँ भी निम्न प्रकार के कोर्ष शुरु करने चाहिए
(1)LLB, LLM,Ph.D(Law) etc.
(2)10+2 के B.A(Law) का 3 साल का डिग्री कोर्ष
(3)डिप्लोमा कोर्ष
2. Law अध्ययन तथा कानूनी सलाह सभी को आसानी से मिले इस हेतु संसद मेँ एक शक्तिशाली कानून बनना चाहिए.
Tuesday, November 8, 2011
क्रातितीर्थ, मांडवी-कच्छ
Swami Narayan Temple:BHUJ
Monday, November 7, 2011
शिक्षा सुधार हेतु
हमारे नीतिनिर्माताओ को शिक्षा व्यवस्था का पुनः मूल्यांकन करना चाहिए
पंचसूत्री कार्यक्रम बनाया जा शकता है
(1)शिक्षा संहिता
(2)RTE अमल
(3)SCOPE नीति
(4)राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा आयोग का गठन
(5)प्रतिभा खोज
पंचसूत्री कार्यक्रम बनाया जा शकता है
(1)शिक्षा संहिता
(2)RTE अमल
(3)SCOPE नीति
(4)राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा आयोग का गठन
(5)प्रतिभा खोज
Saturday, October 15, 2011
Friday, September 30, 2011
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
CONTENTS
PREAMBLE
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
ARTICLE
1 Name and territory of the Union.
2 Admission or establishment of new States.
2A [Repealed.]
3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
4 Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.
PART II
CITIZENSHIP
5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
General
12 Definition.
13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
Right to Equality
14 Equality before law.
15
Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17 Abolition of Untouchability.
18 Abolition of titles.
Right to Freedom
19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
21 Protection of life and personal liberty.
22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
Right against Exploitation
23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
Right to Freedom of Religion
25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
26 Freedom to manage religious affairs.
27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
28 Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
Cultural and Educational Rights
29 Protection of interests of minorities.
30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
31 [Repealed.]
Saving of Certain Laws
31A Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
31D [Repealed.]
Right to Constitutional Remedies
32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
32A [Repealed.]
33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.
34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.
35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.
PART IV
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
36 Definition.
37 Application of the principles contained in this Part.
38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
39A Equal justice and free legal aid.
40 Organisation of village panchayats.
41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
43 Living wage, etc., for workers.
43A Participation of workers in management of industries.
44 Uniform civil code for the citizens.
45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
48 Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.
49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
50 Separation of judiciary from executive.
51 Promotion of international peace and security.
PART IVA
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
51A Fundamental duties.
PART V
THE UNION
CHAPTER I.¾-THE EXECUTIVE
The President and Vice-President
52 The President of India.
53 Executive power of the Union.
54 Election of President.
55 Manner of election of President.
56 Term of office of President.
57 Eligibility for re-election.
58 Qualifications for election as President.
59 Conditions of President’s office.
60 Oath or affirmation by the President.
61 Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
63 The Vice-President of India.
64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65 The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
66 Election of Vice-President.
67 Term of office of Vice-President.
68 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
70 Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
73 Extent of executive power of the Union.
Council of Ministers
74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
75 Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Attorney-General for India
76 Attorney-General for India.
Conduct of Government Business
77 Conduct of business of the Government of India.
78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
CHAPTER II.¾-PARLIAMENT
General
79 Constitution of Parliament.
80 Composition of the Council of States.
81 Composition of the House of the People.
82 Readjustment after each census.
83 Duration of Houses of Parliament.
84 Qualification for membership of Parliament.
85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
87 Special address by the President.
88 Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.
Officers of Parliament
89 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
90 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
91 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
92 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People .
94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
95 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
96 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
98 Secretariat of Parliament.
Conduct of Business
99 Oath or affirmation by members.
100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
101 Vacation of seats.
102 Disqualifications for membership.
103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article
99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
106 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110 Definition of “Money Bills”.
111 Assent to Bills.
Procedure in Financial Matters
112 Annual financial statement.
113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114 Appropriation Bills.
115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117 Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
118 Rules of procedure.
119 Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
120 Language to be used in Parliament.
121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
CHAPTER III.¾LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
CHAPTER IV.¾ THE UNION JUDICIARY
124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
125 Salaries, etc., of Judges.
126 Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
127 Appointment of ad hoc judges.
128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
129 Supreme Court to be a court of record.
130 Seat of Supreme Court.
131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
131A [Repealed.]
132 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters.
134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters.
134A Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
135 Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
137 Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
138 Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
139A Transfer of certain cases.
140 Ancillary powers of Supreme Court.
141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
142
Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
144A [Repealed.]
145 Rules of Court, etc.
146 Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
147 Interpretation.
CHAPTER V.¾ COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
151 Audit reports.
PART VI
THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾ GENERAL
152 Definition.
CHAPTER II.¾ THE EXECUTIVE
The Governor
153 Governors of States.
154 Executive power of State.
155 Appointment of Governor.
156 Term of office of Governor.
157 Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
158 Conditions of Governor’s office
159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
160 Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
162 Extent of executive power of State.
Council of Ministers
163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164 Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Advocate-General for the State
165 Advocate-General for the State.
Conduct of Government Business
166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
CHAPTER III.¾THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168 Constitution of Legislatures in States.
169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171 Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172 Duration of State Legislatures.
173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176 Special address by the Governor.
177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
Officers of the State Legislature
178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
187 Secretariat of State Legislature.
Conduct of Business
188 Oath or affirmation by members.
189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
190 Vacation of seats.
191 Disqualifications for membership.
192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof.
195 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199 Definition of “Money Bills”.
200 Assent to Bills.
201 Bills reserved for consideration.
Procedure in Financial Matters
202 Annual financial statement.
203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204 Appropriation Bills.
205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
207 Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
208 Rules of procedure.
209 Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.
210 Language to be used in the Legislature.
211 Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
212 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.
CHAPTER IV.¾- LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR
213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
CHAPTER V---THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES
214 High Courts for States.
215 High Courts to be courts of record.
216 Constitution of High Courts.
217 Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
218 Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
219 Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
220 Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
221 Salaries, etc., of Judges.
222 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
224 Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
224A Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
226A [Repealed..]
227 Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
228 Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
228A [Repealed.]
229 Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
230 Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
CHAPTER VI¾SUBORDINATE COURTS
233 Appointment of district judges.
233A Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.
234 Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
235 Control over subordinate courts.
236 Interpretation.
237 Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.
PART VII
THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
238 [Repealed.]
PART VIII
THE UNION TERRITORIES
239 Administration of Union territories.
239A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
239A Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
239AA Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
239AB Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
240 Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241 High Courts for Union territories.
242 [Repealed.]
PART IX
THE PANCHAYATS
243 Definitions.
243A Gram Sabha.
243B Constitution of Panchayats.
243C Composition of Panchayats.
243D Reservation of seats.
243E Duration of Panchayats, etc.
243F Disqualifications for membership.
243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
243H Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
243-I Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
243J Audit of accounts of Pachayats.
243K Elections to the Panchayats.
243L Application to Union territories.
243M Part not to apply to certain areas.
243N Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
243-O Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
PART IXA
THE MUNICIPALITIES
243P Definitions.
243Q Constitution of Municipalities.
243R Composition of Municipalities.
243S Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
243T Reservation of seats.
243U Duration of Municipalities, etc.
243V Disqualifications for membership.
243W Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
243 Finance Commission.
243Z Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
243ZA Elections to the Municipalities.
243ZB Application to Union territories.
243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas.
243ZD Committee for district planning.
243ZE Committee for Metropolitan planning.
243ZF Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
243ZG
Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.
PART X
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.
PART XI
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
Distribution of Legislative Powers
245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
248 Residuary powers of legislation.
249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
255 Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.
CHAPTER II.¾ ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
General
256 Obligation of States and the Union.
257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
257A [Repealed.]
258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
259 [Repealed.]
260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
Disputes relating to Waters
262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.
Co-ordination between States
263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.
PART XII
FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
CHAPTER I.¾FINANCE
General
264 Interpretation.
265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267 Contingency Fund.
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272 [Repealed.]
273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested.
275 Grants from the Union to certain States.
276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
277 Savings.
278 [Repealed.]
279 Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.
280 Finance Commission.
281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
Miscellaneous financial provisions
282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts.
284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287 Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291 [Repealed.]
CHAPTER II.¾ BORROWING
292 Borrowing by the Government of India.
293 Borrowing by States.
CHAPTER III.¾ PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,
OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296 Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298 Power to carry on trade, etc.
299 Contracts.
300 Suits and proceedings.
CHAPTER IV.¾ RIGHT TO PROPERTY
300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN
THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
301 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
304 Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306 [Repealed.]
307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.
PART XIV
SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾ SERVICES
308 Interpretation.
309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
312 All-India services.
312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.
313 Transitional provisions.
314 [Repeated.]
CHAPTER II.—PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316 Appointment and term of office of members.
317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
320 Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322 Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323 Reports of Public Service Commissions.
PART XIVA
TRIBUNALS
323A Administrative tribunals.
323B Tribunals for other matters.
PART XV
ELECTIONS
324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
329A [Repealed.]
PART XVI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian Community.
338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
341 Scheduled Castes.
342 Scheduled Tribes.
PART XVII
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
343 Official language of the Union.
344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.
CHAPTER II.¾ REGIONAL LANGUAGES
345 Official language or languages of a State.
346 Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.
CHAPTER III.¾LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT,
HIGH COURTS, ETC.
348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
349 Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
CHAPTER IV.¾-SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
350 Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
350A Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
350B Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
351 Directive for development of the Hindi language.
PART XVIII
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
352 Proclamation of Emergency.
353 Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
354 Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
355 Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
357 Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
358 Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
359 Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.
359A [Repealed.]
360 Provisions as to financial emergency.
PART XIX
MISCELLANEOUS
361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajprakukhs.
361A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.
361B Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
362 [Repealed.]
363 Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished.
364 Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
366 Definitions.
367 Interpretation.
PART XX
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.
PART XXI
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
369 Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.
371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
371E Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
371-I Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.
372 Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.
372A Power of the President to adapt laws.
373 Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
374 Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
375 Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
376 Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
377 Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
378 Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
378A Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
379-391 [Repealed.]
392 Power of the President to remove difficulties.
PART XXII
SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT
IN HINDI AND REPEALS
393 Short title.
394 Commencement.
394A Authoritative text in the Hindi language.
395 Repeals.
SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE
I. —The States.
II. —The Union territories.
SECOND SCHEDULE
PART A—- Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States.
PART B—[Repealed.]
PART C—Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State.
PART D— Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.
PART E— Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
THIRD SCHEDULE— Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
FOURTH SCHEDULE—
Allocation of seats in the Council of States.
FIFTH SCHEDULE—
Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
PART A—General.
PART B—Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
PART C— Scheduled Areas.
PART D—Amendment of the Schedule.
SIXTH SCHEDULE—
Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
SEVENTH SCHEDULE—
List I — Union List.
List II— State List.
List III— Concurrent List.
EIGHTH SCHEDULE— Languages.
NINTH SCHEDULE—Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
TENTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
TWELFTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX I—The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
APPENDIX II— Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
APPENDIX III—Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978
APPENDIX IV—The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.
APPENDIX V—The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.
INDEX
(cou. http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/contents.htm ] Note; info Up to Amedment 94
CONTENTS
PREAMBLE
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
ARTICLE
1 Name and territory of the Union.
2 Admission or establishment of new States.
2A [Repealed.]
3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
4 Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.
PART II
CITIZENSHIP
5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
General
12 Definition.
13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
Right to Equality
14 Equality before law.
15
Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17 Abolition of Untouchability.
18 Abolition of titles.
Right to Freedom
19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
21 Protection of life and personal liberty.
22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
Right against Exploitation
23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
Right to Freedom of Religion
25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
26 Freedom to manage religious affairs.
27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
28 Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
Cultural and Educational Rights
29 Protection of interests of minorities.
30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
31 [Repealed.]
Saving of Certain Laws
31A Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
31D [Repealed.]
Right to Constitutional Remedies
32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
32A [Repealed.]
33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.
34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.
35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.
PART IV
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
36 Definition.
37 Application of the principles contained in this Part.
38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
39A Equal justice and free legal aid.
40 Organisation of village panchayats.
41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
43 Living wage, etc., for workers.
43A Participation of workers in management of industries.
44 Uniform civil code for the citizens.
45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
48 Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.
49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
50 Separation of judiciary from executive.
51 Promotion of international peace and security.
PART IVA
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
51A Fundamental duties.
PART V
THE UNION
CHAPTER I.¾-THE EXECUTIVE
The President and Vice-President
52 The President of India.
53 Executive power of the Union.
54 Election of President.
55 Manner of election of President.
56 Term of office of President.
57 Eligibility for re-election.
58 Qualifications for election as President.
59 Conditions of President’s office.
60 Oath or affirmation by the President.
61 Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
63 The Vice-President of India.
64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65 The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
66 Election of Vice-President.
67 Term of office of Vice-President.
68 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
70 Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
73 Extent of executive power of the Union.
Council of Ministers
74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
75 Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Attorney-General for India
76 Attorney-General for India.
Conduct of Government Business
77 Conduct of business of the Government of India.
78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
CHAPTER II.¾-PARLIAMENT
General
79 Constitution of Parliament.
80 Composition of the Council of States.
81 Composition of the House of the People.
82 Readjustment after each census.
83 Duration of Houses of Parliament.
84 Qualification for membership of Parliament.
85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
87 Special address by the President.
88 Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.
Officers of Parliament
89 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
90 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
91 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
92 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People .
94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
95 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
96 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
98 Secretariat of Parliament.
Conduct of Business
99 Oath or affirmation by members.
100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
101 Vacation of seats.
102 Disqualifications for membership.
103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article
99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
106 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110 Definition of “Money Bills”.
111 Assent to Bills.
Procedure in Financial Matters
112 Annual financial statement.
113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114 Appropriation Bills.
115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117 Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
118 Rules of procedure.
119 Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
120 Language to be used in Parliament.
121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
CHAPTER III.¾LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
CHAPTER IV.¾ THE UNION JUDICIARY
124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
125 Salaries, etc., of Judges.
126 Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
127 Appointment of ad hoc judges.
128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
129 Supreme Court to be a court of record.
130 Seat of Supreme Court.
131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
131A [Repealed.]
132 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters.
134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters.
134A Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
135 Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
137 Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
138 Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
139A Transfer of certain cases.
140 Ancillary powers of Supreme Court.
141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
142
Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
144A [Repealed.]
145 Rules of Court, etc.
146 Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
147 Interpretation.
CHAPTER V.¾ COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
151 Audit reports.
PART VI
THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾ GENERAL
152 Definition.
CHAPTER II.¾ THE EXECUTIVE
The Governor
153 Governors of States.
154 Executive power of State.
155 Appointment of Governor.
156 Term of office of Governor.
157 Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
158 Conditions of Governor’s office
159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
160 Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
162 Extent of executive power of State.
Council of Ministers
163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164 Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Advocate-General for the State
165 Advocate-General for the State.
Conduct of Government Business
166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
CHAPTER III.¾THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168 Constitution of Legislatures in States.
169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171 Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172 Duration of State Legislatures.
173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176 Special address by the Governor.
177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
Officers of the State Legislature
178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
187 Secretariat of State Legislature.
Conduct of Business
188 Oath or affirmation by members.
189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
190 Vacation of seats.
191 Disqualifications for membership.
192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof.
195 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199 Definition of “Money Bills”.
200 Assent to Bills.
201 Bills reserved for consideration.
Procedure in Financial Matters
202 Annual financial statement.
203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204 Appropriation Bills.
205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
207 Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
208 Rules of procedure.
209 Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.
210 Language to be used in the Legislature.
211 Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
212 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.
CHAPTER IV.¾- LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR
213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
CHAPTER V---THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES
214 High Courts for States.
215 High Courts to be courts of record.
216 Constitution of High Courts.
217 Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
218 Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
219 Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
220 Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
221 Salaries, etc., of Judges.
222 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
224 Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
224A Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
226A [Repealed..]
227 Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
228 Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
228A [Repealed.]
229 Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
230 Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
CHAPTER VI¾SUBORDINATE COURTS
233 Appointment of district judges.
233A Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.
234 Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
235 Control over subordinate courts.
236 Interpretation.
237 Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.
PART VII
THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
238 [Repealed.]
PART VIII
THE UNION TERRITORIES
239 Administration of Union territories.
239A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
239A Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
239AA Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
239AB Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
240 Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241 High Courts for Union territories.
242 [Repealed.]
PART IX
THE PANCHAYATS
243 Definitions.
243A Gram Sabha.
243B Constitution of Panchayats.
243C Composition of Panchayats.
243D Reservation of seats.
243E Duration of Panchayats, etc.
243F Disqualifications for membership.
243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
243H Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
243-I Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
243J Audit of accounts of Pachayats.
243K Elections to the Panchayats.
243L Application to Union territories.
243M Part not to apply to certain areas.
243N Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
243-O Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
PART IXA
THE MUNICIPALITIES
243P Definitions.
243Q Constitution of Municipalities.
243R Composition of Municipalities.
243S Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
243T Reservation of seats.
243U Duration of Municipalities, etc.
243V Disqualifications for membership.
243W Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
243 Finance Commission.
243Z Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
243ZA Elections to the Municipalities.
243ZB Application to Union territories.
243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas.
243ZD Committee for district planning.
243ZE Committee for Metropolitan planning.
243ZF Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
243ZG
Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.
PART X
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.
PART XI
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
Distribution of Legislative Powers
245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
248 Residuary powers of legislation.
249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
255 Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.
CHAPTER II.¾ ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
General
256 Obligation of States and the Union.
257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
257A [Repealed.]
258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
259 [Repealed.]
260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
Disputes relating to Waters
262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.
Co-ordination between States
263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.
PART XII
FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
CHAPTER I.¾FINANCE
General
264 Interpretation.
265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267 Contingency Fund.
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272 [Repealed.]
273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested.
275 Grants from the Union to certain States.
276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
277 Savings.
278 [Repealed.]
279 Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.
280 Finance Commission.
281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
Miscellaneous financial provisions
282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts.
284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287 Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291 [Repealed.]
CHAPTER II.¾ BORROWING
292 Borrowing by the Government of India.
293 Borrowing by States.
CHAPTER III.¾ PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,
OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296 Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298 Power to carry on trade, etc.
299 Contracts.
300 Suits and proceedings.
CHAPTER IV.¾ RIGHT TO PROPERTY
300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN
THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
301 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
304 Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306 [Repealed.]
307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.
PART XIV
SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾ SERVICES
308 Interpretation.
309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
312 All-India services.
312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.
313 Transitional provisions.
314 [Repeated.]
CHAPTER II.—PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316 Appointment and term of office of members.
317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
320 Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322 Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323 Reports of Public Service Commissions.
PART XIVA
TRIBUNALS
323A Administrative tribunals.
323B Tribunals for other matters.
PART XV
ELECTIONS
324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
329A [Repealed.]
PART XVI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian Community.
338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
341 Scheduled Castes.
342 Scheduled Tribes.
PART XVII
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
343 Official language of the Union.
344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.
CHAPTER II.¾ REGIONAL LANGUAGES
345 Official language or languages of a State.
346 Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.
CHAPTER III.¾LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT,
HIGH COURTS, ETC.
348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
349 Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
CHAPTER IV.¾-SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
350 Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
350A Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
350B Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
351 Directive for development of the Hindi language.
PART XVIII
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
352 Proclamation of Emergency.
353 Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
354 Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
355 Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
357 Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
358 Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
359 Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.
359A [Repealed.]
360 Provisions as to financial emergency.
PART XIX
MISCELLANEOUS
361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajprakukhs.
361A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.
361B Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
362 [Repealed.]
363 Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished.
364 Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
366 Definitions.
367 Interpretation.
PART XX
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.
PART XXI
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
369 Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.
371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
371E Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
371-I Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.
372 Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.
372A Power of the President to adapt laws.
373 Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
374 Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
375 Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
376 Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
377 Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
378 Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
378A Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
379-391 [Repealed.]
392 Power of the President to remove difficulties.
PART XXII
SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT
IN HINDI AND REPEALS
393 Short title.
394 Commencement.
394A Authoritative text in the Hindi language.
395 Repeals.
SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE
I. —The States.
II. —The Union territories.
SECOND SCHEDULE
PART A—- Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States.
PART B—[Repealed.]
PART C—Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State.
PART D— Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.
PART E— Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
THIRD SCHEDULE— Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
FOURTH SCHEDULE—
Allocation of seats in the Council of States.
FIFTH SCHEDULE—
Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
PART A—General.
PART B—Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
PART C— Scheduled Areas.
PART D—Amendment of the Schedule.
SIXTH SCHEDULE—
Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
SEVENTH SCHEDULE—
List I — Union List.
List II— State List.
List III— Concurrent List.
EIGHTH SCHEDULE— Languages.
NINTH SCHEDULE—Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
TENTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
TWELFTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX I—The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
APPENDIX II— Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
APPENDIX III—Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978
APPENDIX IV—The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.
APPENDIX V—The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.
INDEX
(cou. http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/contents.htm ] Note; info Up to Amedment 94
Monday, September 26, 2011
Sunday, September 18, 2011
LOKPAL
=>लोकपाल चयन समिति ,
प्रधानमंत्री,
नेता विपक्ष लोकसभा,
नेता विपक्ष राज्यसभा,
दो सबसे कम उम्र के जज सुप्रिमकोर्टँ,
दो जज हाईकोर्ट सबसे कम उम्र के,
केन्दिय मंत्री,
कानूनविद,
नागरिक समाज से:-2
=>लोकपाल खोज कमिटि:-
FIVE MEMBER की नियुकित लोकपाल चयन समिति करेगी
A) CAG, CEC, CBI के पूर्व मुखिया 3
B) भारतीय प्रशासनिक सेवा के अधिकारी:-2
लोकपाल कमिटि,
=>3-IMP POINT OF LOKPAL
1)CITIZEN CHARTER,
2)LOKPAL/LOKAYUKT APOINT SYSTEM,
3)ALL PUBLIC SERVENT UNDER THE LOKPAL
प्रधानमंत्री,
नेता विपक्ष लोकसभा,
नेता विपक्ष राज्यसभा,
दो सबसे कम उम्र के जज सुप्रिमकोर्टँ,
दो जज हाईकोर्ट सबसे कम उम्र के,
केन्दिय मंत्री,
कानूनविद,
नागरिक समाज से:-2
=>लोकपाल खोज कमिटि:-
FIVE MEMBER की नियुकित लोकपाल चयन समिति करेगी
A) CAG, CEC, CBI के पूर्व मुखिया 3
B) भारतीय प्रशासनिक सेवा के अधिकारी:-2
लोकपाल कमिटि,
=>3-IMP POINT OF LOKPAL
1)CITIZEN CHARTER,
2)LOKPAL/LOKAYUKT APOINT SYSTEM,
3)ALL PUBLIC SERVENT UNDER THE LOKPAL
Sunday, March 27, 2011
નવી શિક્ષણનીતિ : એક સંકલ્પના
પ્રસ્તાવના : એકવીસમી સદીનું બીજું દશક શરુ થતાં ભારતીય શિક્ષણવ્યવસ્થા વિષે પુન:મૂલ્યાંકન કરવાનો સમય આવી ગયો છે- તેમાં ધરમૂળથી ફેરફારો કરવા એ સમયની જરૂરિયાત બની ગયેલ છે, ભારતીય ઇતિહાસ, સંસ્ક્રૂતિ, સમાજ, વ્યવસ્થા તથા વર્તમાન વૈશ્વિક પરિવર્તનોને ધ્યાને રાખીને નૂતન શિક્ષણનીતિ સ્વતંત્ર રીતે નિર્માણ કરવાની જરૂરીયાત ઉભી થયેલ છે, આથી તેના ઉપર સાર્વજનિક ચિંતન થાય તે માંથી ફળશ્રુતિ-રૂપ સાર પ્રાપ્ત થતાં એક સ્વતંત્ર વિદેશનીતિ દરેક દેશને હોય છે, તે રીતે એક સ્વાયત શિક્ષણનીતિ પણ દેશ માટે હોવી જોઈએ ; જે કોઈ સ્થાપિત હિતથી ગ્રસિત ન હોય એ બાબતે પણ ખાસ દક્ષતા રહે તે ધ્યાને લેવાય એ આવશ્યકતા છે.
ખરેખર રાઈટ ટુ એજ્યુકેશન(RTE) નું સ્વરૂપ કેવું હોવું જોઈએ:-
- ૧) પ્રાથમિક, માધ્યમિક-ઉચ્ચતર માધ્યમિક, વિશ્વવિદ્યાલય એ ત્રણે સ્તરો નું શિક્ષણ RTE ACT હેઠળ સાંકાળી લેવાય.
- ૨) શિક્ષણને સર્વોચ્ચ મહત્વ આપી દૂરદર્શી આયોજનરૂપ મુસદ્દાને તેમાં સામેલ કરવો કરવો જોઈએ.
- ૩) નવો RTE ACT બનાવવા માટે નિષ્ણાતોની નીચે મુજબના કોષ્ટક પ્રમાણે ૨૪ –સભ્યોની એક વિસ્તૃત ટીમ બનાવવી જોઈએ : -
સભ્યનું ક્ષેત્ર | હોદો | સંખ્યા |
સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટ | ન્યાયાધીસ(નિવૃત) | ૧ |
હાઇકોર્ટ | ન્યાયાધીસ | ૧ |
શિક્ષણ વિદો | - | ૫ |
વિશ્વ વિદ્યાલય | પ્રોફેસર | ૨ |
પ્રાથમિક | શિક્ષક | ૨ |
માધ્યમિક | શિક્ષક | ૨ |
પ્રાચીન ગુરુકુળ (વૈદિક) | કુલપતિ /આચાર્ય | ૨ |
રમત-ગમત સંસ્થા | ડાયરેક્ટર | ૧ |
આર્મી ઓફિસર | જનરલ/મેજર/કેપ્ટન | ૨ |
આઈ.આઈ.એમ. | પ્રોફેસર | ૧ |
આઈ.આઈ.ટી. | પ્રોફેસર | ૧ |
સમાજ સેવક | - | ૧ |
કલા | - | ૧ |
સાહિત્ય | - | ૧ |
વૈજ્ઞાનિક | - | ૧ |
કુલ | ૨૪ | |
- ૪) ઉપરોક કોઠા -૩ મુજબ ૨૪ –સભ્યોની નિમણુંક પ્રધાનમંત્રી , વિપક્ષના નેતા ,શિક્ષણમંત્રીની સહમતી થી રાષ્ટ્રપતિ દ્વારા થાય તથા તેને એક વટહુકમ દ્વારા વિશેષ શક્તિ પ્રદાન કરવામાં આવે જેથી એ સમિતિ પોતાનું કાર્ય કોઈ પણ જાતની બાધા વગર કરી શકે .
- ૫) સમિતિ પોતાનો અહેવાલ છ માસમાં આપે , તેનો અમલ ત્રણ માસમાં થાય તે બાબતે યોગ્ય થાય. તેના માટે સરકાર કટ્ટીબદ્ધ બને એ જરૂરી છે.
- ૬) સમિતિનો અહેવાલ આવ્યા બાદ એક ચુંટણીપંચની મારફતે સ્વાયત શિક્ષણ પંચ બને જેના હેઠળ સમગ્ર દેશની શિક્ષણ વ્યવસ્થા ને મુકવામાં આવે .
શિક્ષણ માટે તાત્કાલિક શું કરવું જોઈએ ?
- ૧) નીચેના કોષ્ટક મુજબના પગલાં તત્કાલ ભરી શકાય: -
ક્રમ | વિગત | ||
૧ | શાળાનો સમય (સમગ્ર દેશમાં એકજ સમય સવારનો) | શિક્ષક માટે | સવારે : ૮ થી ૧:૩૦ |
શિક્ષણ કાર્ય | ૮:૩૦ થી ૧૨:૩૦ | ||
રીશેષ | ૧૦:૦૦ થી ૧૦: ૩૦ | ||
આયોજન | ૧૨:૩૦ થી ૧:૩૦ | ||
૨ | તાસ | આઠ | ૩૦-મીનીટનો એક |
૩ | શૈક્ષણીક કેલેન્ડર | સમગ્ર વર્ષનું | રાજ્ય કક્ષા એ એકજ હોય જેમાં શિક્ષણ કાર્ય, તાલીમ,કાર્યક્રમો,ઉજવણી, અન્ય ---એ રીતે દિવસોનું વિભાજન કરવું... |
૪ | દરેક શાળામાં ભૌતિક સુવિદ્યાઓ | પુસ્તકાલય | ટેબલ ,ખુરસી, બેંચ , પુસ્તકો |
લેબોરેટરી | |||
સ્ટાફ રૂમ | |||
કોમ્પુટર રૂમ | ઈન્ટરનેટ જોડાણ સાથે | ||
આચાર્ય રૂમ | |||
ક્લાસ રૂમ | દરેક વર્ગ માટે અલગ | ||
મેદાન | રમતનું | ||
બાગ | પાણીની સુવિદ્યા સાથે | ||
૫ | શિક્ષક સજ્જતા | લેપટોપ | સરકારે ૯૦% સબસીડી આપવી. |
૬ | એવોર્ડ | નવી રીતે | શિક્ષક ફાઈલ બનાવી સામેથી એવોર્ડ માગે તેના કરતા , સરકાર તેને સામેથી એવોર્ડ આપે તેવી નીતિ બનાવવી. |
૭ | શિક્ષણ કાર્ય | માત્ર શિક્ષણ | શિક્ષણ શિવાયની અન્ય કોઈ વધારાની કામગીરી ન આપવી. |
૮ | પાઠ્યક્રમ | આયોજન | રાજ્યની દરેક શાળામાં એકજ દિવસે એજ પાઠ ચાલતો હોય....(જેનું આયોજન રાજ્ય કક્ષાએ શિક્ષકોની એક ટીમ દ્વારા દર વર્ષે થાય |
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